Methodological Evaluation to Integrate Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles in a Tram System Using OpenDSS—A Case Study in Ecuador

The difficulties in transitioning to electric mobility developing countries lie the lack of charging infrastructure for vehicles and buses. This research proposes a novel methodology integrate buses optimise tramway infrastructure. It is necessary address challenges from technical point view by analysing stochasticity its variables through simulation OpenDSS software. feasibility tram power system impacts caused distribution network due incorporation stations three operating scenarios: first slow charging, second fast third scenario that combines previous two methods. simulations determine at night represents 9% total bus fleet, improving utilisation factor 11% 32%, whereas combined not feasible increase losses overloading network; however, study validates penetration certain real case.